Effect of Li₂O Molar Concentration on Current–Voltage Characteristics and Photovoltaic Performance of Solar Cells

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of Li₂O molar concentration on the photovoltaic performance of solar cells. Thin films were prepared at molar concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0 M, and their photovoltaic performance was evaluated by current–voltage (I–V) measurements under illumination. The results show that increasing the Li₂O concentration enhances light absorption and charge-carrier generation. Consequently, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) increased from 0.9266 to 0.9586 mA cm⁻². The highest photovoltaic performance was achieved at 1.0 M, with a short-circuit current (Isc) of 5.991 mA, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.582 V, a fill factor (FF) of 0.89, and a power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.903%. The improvement in device performance is attributed to enhanced optoelectronic properties and reduced internal losses at higher concentrations. The findings demonstrate that Li₂O molar concentration plays a significant role in determining the photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells and can be optimized to improve device performance.